What is RCM (Reliability centred maintenance)?
Reliability centred maintenance (RCM) is a corporate-level maintenance strategy that is implemented to optimize the maintenance program of a company or facility. The final result of an RCM program is the implementation of a specific maintenance strategy on each of the assets of the facility. The maintenance strategies are optimized so that the productivity of the plant is maintained using cost-effective maintenance techniques.
There are four principles that are critical for a reliability centred maintenance program:
- The primary objective is to preserve system function
- Identify failure modes that can affect the system function
- Prioritize the failure modes
- Select applicable and effective tasks to control the failure model
7 questions that need to be asked for RCM
An effective reliability centred maintenance implementation examines the facility as a series of functional systems, each of which has inputs and outputs contributing to the success of the facility. It is the reliability, rather than the functionality, of these systems that are considered. The SAE JA1011 has a set of minimum criteria before a maintenance strategy can be called RCM (Gulati). The seven questions that need to be asked for each asset are:
- What are the functions and desired performance standards of each asset
- How can each asset fail to fulfill its functions?
- What are the failure modes for each functional failure?
- What causes each of the failure modes?
- What are the consequences of each failure?
- What can and/or should be done to predict or prevent each failure?
- What should be done if a suitable proactive task cannot be determined?
Hit your targets with RCM
Reliability centred maintenance identifies the functions of the company that are most critical and then seeks to optimize their maintenance strategies to minimize system failures and ultimately increase equipment reliability and availability. The most critical assets are those that are likely to fail often or have large consequences of failure. With this maintenance strategy, possible failure modes and their consequences are identified; all while the function of the equipment is considered. Cost-effective maintenance techniques that minimize the possibility of failure can then be determined. The most effective techniques are then adopted to improve the reliability of the facility as a whole.
Advantages
Implementing RCM increases equipment availability, and reduces maintenance and resource costs. Jardine and Tsang give an example of a utility company who reduced maintenance costs by up to 40%.
Disadvantages
RCM does not readily consider the total cost of owning and maintaining an asset. Additional costs of ownership, like those considered in evidence-based maintenance, are not taken into account, and are therefore not factored into the maintenance considerations.
The RCM process: 7 steps to implement reliability centred maintenance
There are several different methods for implementing reliability centred maintenance that are recommended, summarized in the following 7 steps.
Step 1: Selection of equipment for RCM analysis
The first step is to select the piece of equipment for reliability centred maintenance analysis. The equipment selected should be critical in terms of its effect on operations, its previous costs of repair, and previous costs of preventive maintenance.
Step 2: Define the boundaries and function of the systems that contain the selected equipment
The equipment belongs to a system that performs a crucial function. The system can be large or small, but the function of the system, and its inputs and outputs, should be known. For example, the function of a conveyor belt system is to transport goods. Its inputs are the goods and mechanical energy powering the belt, while its outputs are the goods at the other end. In this case, the electric motor supplying the mechanical energy would be considered as part of a different system.
Step 3: Define the ways in which the system can fail (failure modes)
In step 3 the objective is to list all of the ways that the function of the system can fail. For example, the conveyor belt may fail by being unable to transport the goods from one end to the other, or perhaps it does not transport the goods quickly enough.
Step 4: Identify the root causes of the failure modes
With the help of operators, experienced technicians, RCM experts and equipment experts, the root causes of each of the failure modes can be identified. Root causes for failure of the conveyor could include a lack of lubrication on the rollers, a failure of a bearing, or a loosened belt.
Step 5: Assess the effects of failure
In this step, the effects of each failure mode are considered. Equipment failures may affect safety, operations, and other equipment. The criticality of each of these failure modes can also be considered.
There are various recommended techniques that are used to give this step a systematic approach. These include:
- Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA)
- Failure, mode, effect and criticality analysis
- Hazard and operability studies (HAZOPS)
- Fault tree analysis (FTA)
- Risk-based inspection (RBI)
The most important failure modes will be determined at the conclusion of this systematic analysis. Ask yourself questions such as “Does this failure mode have safety implications?”, and “Does this failure mode result in a full or partial outage of operations?”. Your answer is the most important failure modes that should be prioritized for further analysis. Importantly, the failure modes that are retained include only those that have a real probability of occurring under realistic operating conditions.
Step 6: Select a maintenance tactic for each failure mode
At this step, the most appropriate maintenance tactic for each failure mode is determined. The maintenance tactic that is selected must be technically and economically feasible.
Condition-based maintenance is selected when it is technically and economically feasible to detect the onset of the failure mode.
Time or usage-based preventive maintenance is selected when it is technically and economically feasible to reduce the risk of failure using this method.
For failure modes that do not have satisfactory condition-based maintenance or preventive maintenance options, then a redesign of the system to eliminate or modify the failure mode should be considered.
Failure modes that were not identified as being critical in Step 6 may, at this stage, be identified as good candidates for a run-to-failure maintenance schedule.
Step 7: Implement and then regularly review the maintenance tactic selected
Importantly, the RCM methodology will only be useful if its maintenance recommendations are put into practice. When that has been done, it is important that the recommendations are constantly reviewed and renewed as additional information is found.
The bottom line: the impact of reliability centred maintenance
Since the end product of a well-executed RCM analysis is that an appropriate maintenance strategy will be selected for each piece of equipment, the impact is an overall improvement of reliability. RCM aims to reduce costs, improve safety, and eliminate maintenance tasks that are not effective or appropriate for a given piece of machinery. Implementing RCM processes allows you to avoid a one-size-fits-all mindset that could waste valuable time and resources.